๐ฑ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ฎ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ | ๐ฝ๐๐.5, ๐ฐ๐๐.1
๐๐๐๐๐๐ธ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฎ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
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๐ฟ๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐๐ช๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ค๐ ๐๐๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ฉ๐ค๐ง๐ฎ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฉ ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ช๐จ ๐ฟ๐๐จ๐๐๐จ๐๐จ ๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ฉ๐ค ๐๐๐ง๐ฉ๐๐๐ช๐ก๐๐ฉ๐ ๐๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐๐ง (๐๐2.5) ๐พ๐ค๐ฃ๐๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฃ ๐พ๐๐ฃ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐จ ๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐๐๐ง ๐ฟ๐๐ก๐ฉ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ค๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ง๐๐
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i1.3710
Abstract
Due to the visibility of soot in the environment of the Niger Delta especially Rivers State that has led to the increase of espiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) in the region, this study was undertaken to determine the relationship between Particulate Matter (PM2.5) concentration and the incident of Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs) in selected urban centres of the Niger Delta. Data on RTIs were collected from the Hospital Management Boards of the Ministries of Health of Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta States and the data for PM2.5 were remotely sensed from 2016 to 2019, and subsequently analyzed with ANOVA and Spearman’s rank correlation statistics. The findings of this study revealed that there was significant variation in the occurrence of PM2.5 across the selected urban centres in the Niger Delta Region. The PM2.5 for the reviewed years was far above the World Health Organization (WHO) annual permissible limit of 10 ยตg/m3 thereby exacerbating Respiratory Tract Infections (RTIs).The epidemiology of the RTIs showed that there are basically four (4) prominent RTI diseases: Asthma, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The result of this study showed that the concentration of PM2.5 varies in all the selected cities, and the mean monthly variation (2016-2019) showed that Port Harcourt had 47.27 ยตg/m3 for January while Yenagoa and Asaba had 46 ยตg/m3 and 47.51 ยตg/m3 respectively for January; while the lowest mean value in the cities were seen within the month of September and October, which also had a strong seasonal influence on the concentration of PM2.5. The concentration of PM2.5 and the numbers of RTIs also gradually increases in the study areas from 2016 to 2019. The study recommends that the necessary regulatory bodies should closely monitor the activities of the companies likely to cause such pollution; guild them through their operations and give prompt sanctions and heavy fines to defaulters of the accepted standards.
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๐๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐๐ง๐๐ฃ๐๐๐จ ๐๐๐ฉ๐ฌ๐๐๐ฃ ๐พ๐ค๐ช๐ฃ๐ฉ๐ฎ, ๐พ๐ค๐ช๐ฃ๐ฉ๐ฎ-๐ก๐๐ซ๐๐ก ๐พ๐๐ฉ๐ฎ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ช๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ฅ๐๐ก ๐ฟ๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐๐ฉ ๐๐ฃ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ข ๐ค๐ ๐ผ๐๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ง๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ซ๐๐จ๐๐ค๐ฃ๐จ ๐๐ฃ ๐พ๐๐๐ฃ๐
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i1.3739
Abstract
Administrative division is an important means of political power reorganization and management, resource integration and optimal allocation, which profoundly shapes the spatial layout of urban development in China. To clarify and compare differences between counties, county-level cities and municipal districts is the primary premise for the study of administrative division and urban development. This paper analyzes the institutional differences between counties and county-level cities, as well as counties, county-level cities and municipal districts, from the aspects of organizational structure, urban construction planning, land management, finance, taxation and public services. The research shows that the establishment of counties, county-level cities and municipal districts adapt to different levels and stages of economic and social development,and the conversion from county to county-level city and the conversion from county (or county-level city) to municipal district are both important transformation ways to change their administrative systems, which has different management system and operation pattern. At the same time, the transformation of county-level administrative region is also a “double-edged sword”, we should think about the administrative system as a whole to decide whether it should be adjusted, and effectively respond to the actual needs of local economic and social development.
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๐ฟ๐๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐๐ง๐๐จ๐๐ค๐ก๐๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐พ๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฉ๐๐ ๐พ๐ก๐๐จ๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ผ๐๐๐ค๐ง๐๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฉ๐ค ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐ฟ๐๐จ๐๐๐๐ง๐๐๐จ ๐๐ฃ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ฅ๐ฅ๐๐ง ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐๐ก ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง ๐ฝ๐๐จ๐๐ฃ
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i1.4088
Abstract
Floods are the most common type of natural disaster in the world and one of the most damaging. Changes in weather conditions such as precipitation and temperature result in changes in discharge. To better understand the floods and eventually develop a system to predict them, we must analyze in more detail the flow of rivers. The purpose of this article is to analyze the discharges in the upper Senegal River Basin by focusing on determining the limits of the climatic classification according to past discharges. The daily discharges from May 1, 1950 to April 30, 2018 were chosen as the study period. These flow data have been grouped into annual discharges and classified as very wet, moist, medium, dry and very dry each year.Then, the flow data were divided into two seasons or periods each year:high water and low water. The statistical variables used in this study are the average, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation and the skewness. The results of the climate classification that corresponds to a log-normal distribution indicate a total of 17 years classified as averages (25% of the series), 14 classified as wet (20.6%), 29 classified as dry (42.6%) and 8 classified as very wet (11.8%), very dry classifications being nil.Seasonal analysis showed that the months of the high water period, such as September, had the highest flow, and the period of low water, such as May,had the lowest flow. The results of the flow analysis were then compared with changes in rainfall. The results obtained show similar climatic classifications between rainfall and flow in the basin.
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๐๐๐ค-๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ฉ๐๐๐ก ๐ผ๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ฎ๐จ๐๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐๐๐ฉ๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐๐ง๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ฏ๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ-๐๐ฃ๐๐ช๐๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐๐๐จ ๐ค๐ฃ ๐๐ค๐๐ก ๐๐ช๐๐ก๐๐ฉ๐ฎ ๐๐ฃ ๐๐ค๐ง๐ฉ ๐๐๐ง๐๐ค๐ช๐ง๐ฉ ๐๐๐ฉ๐ง๐ค๐ฅ๐ค๐ก๐๐จ, ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐จ ๐๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐-๐๐๐๐๐ง๐๐
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i1.4174
Abstract
The study examined the impacts of urbanization-related activities on soil quality in Port Harcourt Metropolis-Rivers state, Nigeria. Experimental and survey research designs were implored in the study utilizing GIS and spatial analysis approaches. Both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary data were generated through laboratory analysis of soil samples from 15 randomly selected sites within the metropolis;and 800 valid copies of socio-economic questionnaire administered to 800 respondents. Also, public hospitals were visited to ascertain the commonest soil borne diseases in the area. Four research questions, four specific objectives and two hypotheses guided the study. The hypotheses were tested with one sample t-test and one sample chi square using SPSS. Standard scientific and laboratory procedures were followed in the collection and analysis of soil samples. Findings of the study include: urbanization-related activities (e.g. waste dumpsites, mechanic workshops, abattoirs, etc.) cause significant changes on soil quality in the area; and this result to the emergence of soil borne diseases (e.g. Vascular witts, Ascaris lumbricoids,Trichuris trichiura, Strongloids stereoralis) which affects residents’wellbeing. However, there is significant difference in the perceived socioeconomic effects of the diseases across the area. Specifically, laboratory results for soil analysis show that (mean values): pH 7.22, temperature 25.62 °C, PO4 0.342 mg/kg, Pb 120.62 mg/kg, K 66.81 mg/kg, NO3 mg/kg. The study recommended for enforcement of physical planning and development control laws; regular evaluation of the quality of the soil, and restriction on the location of mechanic workshops and waste dumpsites around the metropolis.
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๐๐๐ฉ๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ค๐ ๐พ๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฉ๐ ๐พ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐: ๐ฉ๐ค๐ค ๐ก๐๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ก๐ ๐ค๐ง ๐ฉ๐ค๐ค ๐ข๐ช๐๐
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v5i1.4368
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