๐ฑ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ | ๐ฝ๐๐.5, ๐ฐ๐๐.1
๐ฑ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐จ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐น๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ | ๐ฝ๐๐.5, ๐ฐ๐๐.1
๐๐๐๐๐๐ธ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฎ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐
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๐๐๐ & ๐๐๐ข๐ค๐ฉ๐ ๐๐๐ฃ๐จ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ฝ๐๐จ๐๐ ๐๐ค๐ง๐ฅ๐๐ค๐ข๐๐ฉ๐ง๐๐ ๐๐๐ง๐๐ข๐๐ฉ๐๐ง๐จ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ค๐ฅ๐ค๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐๐๐ ๐พ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐จ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ค๐ฌ๐๐ง ๐๐ง๐๐จ๐๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง ๐๐ฃ ๐๐๐๐๐ง ๐ฟ๐๐ก๐ฉ๐
Abstract
In watershed hydrology, the morphometric features of a river basin are vital to examine the lower Orashi River basin morphological and hydrological aspects, as well as its flood potential, based on their morphometric characteristics using remotely sensed SRTM data that was analyzed with ArcGIS software. The areal, linear, and relief aspects of the Orashi River basin were examined as morphometric parameters. The lower Orashi river basin, according to the findings, has a total size of 625.61 km2 and a perimeter of 307.98 km, with a 5th order river network based on Strahler categorization and a dendritic drainage pattern. Because of low drainage density, the drainage texture is very fine, the relief is low, and the slope is very low. Bifurcation ratio, circularity ratio, drainage density aspect ratio, form factor, and stream frequency values indicate that the basin is less elongated and would produce surface runoff for a longer period, while topographic changes show that the river is decreasing with depth in the land area at about the same elevation as a result of sand deposited due to lack of maintenance by dredging, which implies that the basin is morphometrically elevated and sensitive to erosion and flooding. To understand geohydrological features and to plan and manage watersheds, morphometric analysis based on geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques is beneficial.
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๐๐๐๐จ๐ค๐ฃ๐จ ๐๐ค๐ง ๐๐ค๐๐๐ง๐ฃ ๐๐๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐: ๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ค๐ฉ๐๐๐จ๐๐จ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฉ๐จ
Abstract
Two hypotheses of modern warming are considered: natural and anthropogenic. The probabilities of each of them are compared. It is proved that the hypothesis of natural warming is much more likely than the hypothesis of anthropogenic warming. It is shown that the displacement of the Sun from the center of mass of the solar system directly affects the temperature of the surface atmosphere in the synoptic regions of Eurasia. This result corresponds to the model of E. P. Borysenkov with variations of the solar constant or, equivalently, with variations of the Bond albedo.
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๐ผ ๐๐ง๐๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฃ๐๐ง๐ฎ ๐๐ญ๐ฅ๐ก๐ค๐ง๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐ค๐ ๐ฉ๐๐ ๐๐ช๐ฃ๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ๐๐ก ๐๐๐ก๐ช๐ ๐ผ๐จ๐จ๐๐จ๐จ๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ฉ ๐ค๐ ๐๐๐ค๐จ๐ฎ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ข ๐๐๐ง๐ซ๐๐๐๐จ ๐๐ฃ ๐ผ๐ง๐๐ก ๐พ๐๐ฉ๐ฎ
Abstract
Using the principles and methods of eco-economics as the research object, Aral City comprehensively expounds the ecological service functions such as ecosystem regulation of climate, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water conservation and purification environment, and evaluates its economic value.The total value of the estimated 2021 is 1303.65 million yuan. At the same time, the importance of ecological service functions of urban ecosystems, from large to small, is to sequester carbon and release oxygen, purify the environment, maintain soil, conserd water sources, regulate the climate. The ecosystem service function which needs to be paid attention to in the concept of ecological construction and restoration of the next stage of ecological construction in Aral City.
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๐ผ๐๐ง๐ค๐๐ค๐ง๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ง๐ฎ ๐๐ค๐ง ๐พ๐ก๐๐ข๐๐ฉ๐ ๐พ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ ๐ผ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฉ๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ, ๐๐๐จ๐๐ก๐๐๐ฃ๐๐ ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ฉ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ช๐ก๐ฃ๐๐ง๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ฉ๐ฎ ๐ผ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐๐ฃ๐ช๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ฃ ๐๐ฃ ๐๐ข๐๐ก๐ก๐๐ค๐ก๐๐๐ง ๐๐๐ง๐ข๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ฎ๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ข๐จ ๐๐ฃ ๐พ๐๐ข๐๐ง๐ค๐ค๐ฃ
Abstract
The adverse impacts of climate variability and change are felt mostly by smallholder farmers and smallholder farming systems where rainfed agriculture is predominant. Continuous dependence on rain-fed agriculture has led to declining crop productivity and crop failure in most cases as weather patterns shift which is very problematic for crop growth. Agroforestry which is one of the climate-smart, environmentally benign and agroecological practices has been found to mitigate climate change adversities while fostering adaptation, enhancing resilience and attenuating vulnerability especially in smallholder farming systems. However, in Cameroon, limited empirical research has been done to ascertain the role played by agroforestry in climate change adaptation, resilience enhancement and vulnerability attenuation. This paper which is based on an in-depth review of literature was undertaken to uncover what has been done so far in terms of empirical studies tackling the role played by agroforestry in climate change adaptation, resilience and vulnerability attenuation in Cameroon. It was found that most of the empirical studies have been carried out in one agroecological zone – the western highlands of Cameroon, showing that smallholder farmers adopt different agroforestry practices in the face of climate change with the most common being home gardens with livestock, home gardens without livestock, scattered trees on croplands, improved fallows, live fences/hedges and windbreaks, coffeebased agroforestry, cocoa-based agroforestry, apiculture-based agroforestry, fodder banks, and plantation crop-based agroforestry practices. These agroforestry practices provide a plethora of ecosystem services categorized into provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural which play an important role towards fostering climate change adaptation, enhancing resilience and attenuating vulnerability in smallholder farming systems. From the findings uncovered by this study, it is imperative for more empirical studies to be carried out in the other four agroecological zones of Cameroon where there is a paucity of information regarding the role played by agroforestry towards fostering climate change adaptation, enhancing resilience and attenuating vulnerability in smallholder farming systems.
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๐ผ๐๐ซ๐๐ฃ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ค๐ ๐๐ค๐ง ๐๐ค๐ง๐๐๐๐จ๐ฉ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐ง๐ฃ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐ค๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ ๐พ๐ค๐ฃ๐ซ๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฉ๐๐๐ง ๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐ค๐๐๐ก-๐จ๐๐๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ฏ๐๐ง๐๐จ
Abstract
Hurricane Ida ferociously affected many south-eastern and eastern parts of the United States, making it one of the strongest hurricanes in recent years. Advanced forecast and warning tool has been used to track the path of the ex-Hurricane, Ida, as it left New Orleans on its way towards the northeast, accurately predicting significant supercell development above New York City on September 01, 2021. This advanced method accurately detected the area with the highest possible level of convective instability with 24-h lead time and even Level 5, devised in the categorical outlooks legend of the system. Therefore, an extreme level implied a very high probability of the local-scale hazard occurring above the NYC. Cloud model output fields (updrafts and downdrafts, wind shear, near-surface convergence, the vertical component of relative vorticity) show the rapid development of a strong supercell storm with rotating updrafts and a mesocyclone. The characteristic hook-shaped echo signature visible in the reflectivity patterns indicates a signal for a highly precipitable (HP) supercell with the possibility of tornado initiation. Open boundary conditions represent a good basis for simulating a tornado that evolved from a supercell storm, initialized with initial data obtained from a real-time simulation in the period when the bow echo and tornado-like signature occurred. ะขhe modeled results agree well with the observations.
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