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Photon and Fast Neutron Transmission Parameters of Metakaolin Doped Concrete DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3817 Abstract Radiation-shielding properties of metakaolin doped concrete samples wereinvestigated in this report. The gamma photon mass attenuation coefficientsand exposure buildup factor of the samples were determined theoreticallyusing WinXcom and EXABCal software respectively for the energyrange of 15 keV - 15 MeV and fast neutron removal cross section for theconcrete sample was evaluated. Results indicated that, oxides of silicon,aluminum, calcium and iron determined through the energy dispersiveX-ray fluorescence spectrometric analysis constitute more than 85% ofthe chemical composition of the concrete samples. The oxides contribute85.46, 86.47, 87.55, 88.75, and 86.15 % of the total chemical oxides inMK00, MK05, MK10, MK15, and MK20 respectively. Densities of theprepared MK doped concrete were in the range of 2.575-2.667 g/cm3 .Compressive stress of prepared MK d

Physio-Chemical Characteristics and Acid-Sulphate Reactions of Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder Cement Paste and Concrete DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3735 Abstract The evaluation of the effect of using moringa oleifera seed powder (MOSP) to partially replace cement by wt. % has been carried out. A mix parameter of 1: 1.7: 2.5, with designed strength of 20 kN-m2 , and a cement content of 420 kg-m3 , water-cementitious ratio of 0.5, to produce concrete specimens to which percentages of MOSP by wt. % of cement were added and cured for 90 days. Basic characteristics of the MOSP material were determined (Consistency and Setting times), and the concrete parameters workability, density, water absorption and compressive strength were also determined. The analysis of the experimental data collected on MOSP and MOSP-concrete confirmed that MOSP is substantially silicate (Quartz and Cristobalite). These have greatly to a large extent imparted on the quality of MOSP-concrete produced good

Effects of the Addition of Sawdust Ash and Iron Ore Tailings on the Characteristics of Clay Soil DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3732 Abstract An evaluation of the effects of additives and firing temperatures on clay bricks characteristics was studied. The two (2) additives used were sawdust ash (SDA) and iron ore tailing wastes (IOTW), and the five (5) firing temperatures of 400o C to 1200o C at intervals of 200o C were applied. The fired bricks were tested for linear shrinkage, water absorption, density, and compressive strength. The results of the investigations showed that firing temperature improved the clay brick characteristics across all replacement levels. However, the SDA additions increased the linear shrinkage and the water absorption but decreased the density and compressive strength. On the other hand, the addition of IOTW to the clay-SDA mixture, reduced both the linear shrinkage and water absorption of the clay bricks, and increased the density and compressive

Hemp Concrete: A Sustainable Green Material for Conventional Concrete DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3189 Abstract Concrete is one of the most important building material and day by day theutilization of concrete is increasing to meet the infrastructure developmentrequirement. On one hand it is unavoidable but some alternative to beexplored to reduce the global environmental impact caused by the concrete.To overcome this from the last decade the world is looking towards thefact of sustainability due to rapid industrialization. The growth in theconstruction industry increased the demand of concrete as constructionmaterial. This concrete produces significant amount of greenhouse emissionin the environment. There is a need to find an alternative solution tominimize the greenhouse emission emitted from the concrete manufacturingplant.Hempcrete is a building material prepared from hemp yarns, lime andwater. This composite material has several beneficial properties like lowin cost,

A Carbonation and Chloride Induced Corrosion Model for Hot-dip Galvanised Reinforcement Bar Material in Concrete DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3150 Abstract This paper focuses on methodological issues relevant to corrosion risk prediction models. A model was developed for the prediction of corrosion rates associated with hot-dip galvanised reinforcement bar material in concrete exposed to carbonation and chlorides in outdoor environment. One-year follow-up experiments, over five years, were conducted at various carbonation depths and chloride contents. The observed dependence of corrosion rate on the depth of carbonation and chloride content is complex indicating that the interaction between the carbonation and chloride influencing the corrosion. A non-linear corrosion model was proposed with statistical analysis to model the relationship between the corrosion rate and the test parameters. The main methodological contributions are (i) the proposed modeling approach able to t

New Approach and Alternate Criterion for Heat-transfer Analysis of Building Walls and Its Applications DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3103 Abstract Energy consumed by buildings accounts for approximately one-third of the total energy consumption of the society. Moreover, energy systems employed in buildings emit hazardous pollutants, such as, NOx, PM2.5 and CO2, into the environment. Consequently, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings constitutes an important problem concerning the field of building-energy and environment conservation. Thermal resistance and capacitance are two important thermophysical properties of building walls significantly impacting their heat-transfer performance. Traditional theories concerning these properties, however, face certain limitations: (1) the concept of thermal resistance is only valid for one-dimensional, steady heat conduction without existence of an internal heat source; (2) thermal resistance and capacitance are relevant, and ca

Partial Replacement of Cement by Solid Wastes as New Materials for Green Sustainable Construction Applications DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v3i2.3082 Abstract The manufacturing of ordinary Portland cement is an energy-intensive process that results in pollution and CO2 emissions, among other issues. There is a need for an environmentally friendly green concrete substitute. Waste products from a variety of sectors can be recycled and used as a green concrete substitute. This decreases the environmental effects of concrete manufacturing as well as energy consumption. The use of solid waste materials for green building is extremely important now and in the future. Green concrete is also in its infancy in terms of manufacturing and application. Academics must intervene by encouraging business implementation. The aim of this review paper is to raise awareness about the importance of repurposing recycled materials and to highlight new technologies for producing green, sustainable conc

A Typical Sublithospheric Mantle beneath the Tello Region, SE-Ngaoundéré (Cameroon Line) DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i2.4580 Abstract Peridotite xenoliths, raised to the surface by alkaline basalts or kimberlites,provide us direct information on the processes and composition of the upper mantle. They are the major source of information on the state of stress,pressure and temperature in the deep mantle. They are thus a source of petrological and geochemical information that is generally not available on the Earth’s surface. Fresh spinel-lherzolite xenoliths exhibit a protogranular components of the Tello volcano. The Tello is the continental sector of the Cameroon Line, located in the South East of the town of Ngaoundéré at 75 km approximately between (N7° 13’, N7° 14’) and (E13° 40’ and E13° 60’). Minerals’ composition of the xenoliths is ~64% olivine, ~24% orthopyroxene, ~11% clinopyroxene and ~1% spinel. Significant variation in (Cr/Cr + Al) of the system shows the recipro

Assessment of Geotechnical Properties of Laki Limestone for Coarse Aggregate, Nooriabad, Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i2.4545 Abstract Present study is aimed at assessment of geotechnical properties of Laki limestone as coarse aggregate which is being quarried in Nooriabad area, Sindh, Pakistan. Coarse aggregate samples (n=20) of limestone were collected for the evaluation of physico-mechanical properties of the aggregate. Petrographic analysis revealed that the aggregate comprises of hard, compact, massive, crystalline and fossiliferous limestone. It is devoid of any reactive silica (chert, chalcedony) and other harmful constituents like clays or organic matter. Average values of specific gravity, absorption,bulk density, void content and combined index (EI + FI) of collected samples are 2.5, 2.1%, 1.54 g/cc, 38.55% and 13.04% respectively. The values of specific gravity (2.3-2.9), absorption (0-8%), bulk density (1.28 g/cc-1.92 g/cc) and void conten

Integrated Hydrogeochemical Analysis of Stream Water in Parts of Proterozoic Shillong Basin Meghalaya, India DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i2.4498 Abstract Hydrogeochemical surveys were conducted in parts of the Proterozoic Shillong basin in Meghalaya to locate the unconformity-related uranium deposits, related alteration patterns, and the influence of the rock formations on the groundwater solute chemistry. Shillong Basin comprises Proterozoic metasediments and felsic volcanics of Tyrsad Formation, undeformed arenaceous Barapani Formation with intrusive granites, and metabasic sills and dykes. The groundwater quality is determined for drinking, and domestic-agro-industrial utilities using hydrogeochemical tools and physicochemical parameters. The water is acidic to slightly alkaline and has an oxidizing redox environment, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), and major ions fell below the World Health Organization (WHO) and Indian Standards Institute (ISI

Understanding Contributions of Divalent Cations in Mineral Carbonation Using Artificial Neural Network DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i2.4465 Abstract The roles played by divalent cations (calcium, magnesium and iron) of rock minerals in the efficiency of mineral carbonation have been investigated. Statistical modeling with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) having configuration ANN[17-4-1] shows that carbonation efficiency largely increases as the quantity of calcium content increases. Averagely,there is approximately 5% rise in the original efficiency for 10% increase in the quantity of calcium. This changes to 3.4% and 1.6% increases in efficiency, relative to the original efficiency for 20% and 30% increases in calcium content, respectively. Iron content of minerals offers clear positive correlation to the carbonation efficiency. From the global average, there is approximately 17% rise in the original efficiency for 10% increase in the quantity of iron. This increases to 29% a

Investigation of Miocene Methane Hydrate Generation Potential in the Transylvanian Basin, Romania DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v4i2.4413 Abstract In geology we often revise theoretical models; upon finding new evidence,such as the discovery of methane hydrates, the initial model will be challenged immediately. Hereby the authors put forward two postulates:1) There is a third, previously unexplored source of methane in the Transylvanian Basin, based on a new theoretical approach on methane hydrate formation; 2) The dissociation of methane hydrates creates a strong chlorinity anomaly. Based on a recent analogy with the Black Sea basin model, we apply our statements to the Transylvanian Basin. Using direct and indirect indicators and the published system tract analysis, we claim that there are substantial grounds to believe that this model of methane hydrate formation applies to the Miocene Transylvanian Basin. Due to the increase of the geothermal gradient as a result of the volc

Animal Exercise: A New Evaluation Method DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jcsr.v4i2.4759 Abstract At present, Animal Exercise courses rely too much on teachers’ subjective ideas in teaching methods and test scores, and there is no set of standards as a benchmark for reference. As a result, students guided by different teachers have an uneven understanding of the Animal Exercise and cannot achieve the expected effect of the course. In this regard, the authors propose a scoring system based on action similarity, which enables teachers to guide students more objectively. The authors created QMonkey, a data set based on the body keys of monkeys in the coco dataset format, which contains 1,428 consecutive images from eight videos. The authors use QMonkey to train a model that recognizes monkey body movements. And the authors propose a new non-standing posture normalization method for motion transfer between monkeys and humans. Finally, the authors utilize motion transfer and structural simila

A Mathematical Theory of Big Data DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jcsr.v4i2.4646 Abstract This article presents a cardinality approach to big data, a fuzzy logicbased approach to big data, a similarity-based approach to big data, and a logical approach to the marketing strategy of social networking services. All these together constitute a mathematical theory of big data. This article also examines databases with infinite attributes. The research results reveal that relativity and infinity are two characteristics of big data. The relativity of big data is based on the theory of fuzzy sets. The relativity of big data leads to the continuum from small data to big data, big data-driven small data analytics to become statistical significance. The infinity of big data is based on the calculus and cardinality theory. The infinity of big data leads to the infinite similarity of big data. The proposed theory in this article might facilitate the mathematical research and development of big data,

A Review on Ranking of Z-numbers DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jcsr.v4i2.4499 Abstract There are numerous studies about Z-numbers since its inception in 2011. Because Z-number concept reflects human ability to make rational decisions, Z-number based multi-criteria decision making problems are one of these studies. When the problem is translated from linguistic information into Z-number domain, the important question occurs that which Z-number should be selected. To answer this question, several ranking methods have been proposed. To compare the performances of these methods, benchmark set of fuzzy Z-numbers has been created in time. There are relatively new methods that their performances are not examined yet on this benchmark problem. In this paper, we worked on these studies which are relative entropy based Z-number ranking method and a method for ranking discrete Z-numbers. The authors tried to examine their performances on the benchmark problem and compared the results with the ot

Optimization of Secure Coding Practices in SDLC as Part of Cybersecurity Framework DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jcsr.v4i2.4048 Abstract Cybersecurity is a global goal that is central to national security planning in many countries. One of the most active research fields is design of practices for the development of so-called highly secure software as a kind of protection and reduction of the risks from cyber threats. The use of a secure software product in a real environment enables the reduction of the vulnerability of the system as a whole. It would be logical to find the most optimal solution for the integration of secure coding in the classic SDLC (software development life cycle). This paper aims to suggest practices and tips that should be followed for secure coding, in order to avoid cost and time overruns because of untimely identification of security issues. It presents the implementation of secure coding practices in software development, and showcases several real-world sc

North Atlantic Oscillation and Rainfall Variability in Southeastern Nigeria: A Statistical Analysis of 30 Year Period DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v4i4.3843 Abstract This study analyzed rainfall variability in Southeast region of Nigeria using graphical models, as well as using statistical approach to investigate any significant relationship between the global North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index and the regional rainfall variability in region. The study was conducted in three States of Southeastern Nigeria namely, Abia, Ebonyi and Imo States that lie between Latitudes 40 40’ and 80 50’N and Longitudes 60 20’ and 80 50’E. Data for the study included 30 years (1988 - 2017) archival time-series monthly rainfall values for the three study States, acquired from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), offices in the states, and Standardized values of NAOI (North Atlantic Oscillation Index) for the same period, which were collected from a website, on the NOAA Data Center, USA. In th

Simplified Equation Models for Greenhouses Gases Assessment in Road Transport Sector in Burkina Faso DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v4i4.3758 Abstract Transport sector is cited among the key emitted sector. In Burkina Faso, road transport occupies more than 60% of the emissions of the entire transport sector. However, there is no model equation for greenhouse gases modelling in transport sector. A methodology combining literature review and survey has been adopted to develop the simplified model equation in transport sector. The vehicle type survey allowed the identification of the type of vehicle and the literature review allowed the identification of the key parameters used for greenhouses gases modelling. The results revealed 10 vehicle types for road transport in Burkina Faso such as: Private cars, Public Transport/Buses, Special Vehicle (Ambulances, Fire bus, Funeral vehicles), other vehicle, Motorcycles, Wheeler, Rail, Van, Lorries and Truck Tractor. The keys parameters for

Low Adaptive Capacity in Africa and Climate Change Crises DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v4i4.3723 Abstract The changing climate is unequivocal, and it is generally recognised as a threat to the terrestrial environment due to its cross-sectoral and irreversible impacts. Since the inception of industrial revolution (1750), the concentration of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere has been compromised. Until the past two centuries, the quantity of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere had never surpassed about 280 part per million (ppm) and 790 part per billion (ppb), respectively. Rise in greenhouse gases (GHGs) has impacted almost every biotic component on the surface of the earth, and regions which have low adaptive capacity and greatly depend on agriculture and biodiversity for livelihood are hard hit. This phenomenon has resulted in global warming, extinction of some fora and fauna species, precipitation variability, extreme weat

Processing of Rainfall Time Series Data in the State of Rio de Janeiro DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v4i4.3603 Abstract The goal was to perform the filling, consistency and processing of the rainfall time series data from 1943 to 2013 in five regions of the state. Data were obtained from several sources (ANA, CPRM, INMET, SERLA and LIGHT), totaling 23 stations. The time series (raw data) showed failures that were filled with data from TRMM satellite via 3B43 product, and with the climatological normal from INMET. The 3B43 product was used from 1998 to 2013 and the climatological normal over the 1947- 1997 period. Data were submitted to descriptive and exploratory analysis, parametric tests (Shapiro-Wilks and Bartlett), cluster analysis (CA), and data processing (Box Cox) in the 23 stations. Descriptive analysis of the raw data consistency showed a probability of occurrence above 75% (high time variability). Through the CA, two homogeneous rainfall groups (G1 and G2) were defined.

Dual Anthropogenic Origin of Global Warming through GHGs and IR Radiation Emissions from Artificialized Soils DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v4i4.3502 Abstract This paper contributes to explain the global warming instead of "giving up" and thinking about passively adapting to climate change or global warming. It makes more sense to tackle what creates the greenhouse effect and contributes to global warming. The greenhouse effect is not only due to GHGs emissions, but also to the excess IR radiation emitted during the day, by artificial surfaces, following the absorption of solar radiation. The phenomenon should be compared to that of radiative forcing well known by climatologists and which makes the link between atmospheric pollution and the density of heat fluxes stopped by the atmosphere inducing global warming. It becomes clear that type an equation here. The surplus CO2 and IR radiation emissions influence global warming, not to mention the direct part of the heat re

Spatial Heterogeneity Association of HIV Incidence with Socio-economic Factors in Zimbabwe DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v4i3.3466 Abstract This study examined the spatial heterogeneity association of HIV incidence and socio-economic factors including poverty severity index,permanently employed females and males, unemployed females, percentage of poor households i.e., poverty prevalence, night lights index, literacy rate,household food security, and Gini index at district level in Zimbabwe.A mix of spatial analysis methods including Poisson model based on original log likelihood ratios (LLR), global Moran’s I, local indicator of spatial association - LISA were employed to determine the HIV hotspots.Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression (GWPR) and semi-parametric GWPR (s-GWPR) were used to determine the spatial association between HIV incidence and socio-economic factors. HIV incidence (number of cases per 1000) ranged from 0.6 (Buhera district) to 13.30 (Mangwe district). Spa

Land recycling, food security and Technosols DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v4i3.3415 Abstract The world population will grow up to 9.8 billion by 2050. The intensification in urban growth will occur on all continents and in all sizes of cities, especially in developing countries, experiencing a greater rising in urban agglomerations of 300,000 to 500,000 people, those of 500,000 to 1 million and those of 1 to 5 million, by 2035. In this way, the demand of soil to host human activities (land take) will increase, mainly affecting soils with greater agricultural potential close to cities, at the same time as the need for food will increase. Land rehabilitation can contribute to human food security, to enhance ecosystem services and, if made by waste Technosols, those are viable as substrate for urban agroforestry systems.Although the references for brownfield reclamation for urban agriculture,adding constructed Technosols and de-sealed soils can recover its ecosystem functions even f

A Climatology of Heavy Rain and Major Flood Events in Victoria 1876-2019 and the Effect of the 1976 Climate Shift DOI:  https://doi.org/10.30564/jgr.v4i3.3204 Abstract An extensive search has been carried out to find all major flood and very heavy rainfall events in Victoria since 1876 when Southern Oscillation (SOI) data became available. The synoptic weather patterns were analysed and of the 319 events studied,121 events were found to be East Coast Lows (ECLs) and 82 were other types of low-pressure systems. Tropical influences also played a large role with 105 events being associated with tropical air advecting down to Victoria into weather systems. Examples are presented of all the major synoptic patterns identified. The SOI was found to be an important climate driver with positive SOIs being associated with many events over the 144 years studied. The 1976 Climate Shift and its influence on significant Victorian rainfall events is studied and negative SOI monthly values were shown

Production and Commercialization Status of Improved Panicum Grass Cultivation in the Lowland Livestock Production System of South Omo South-Western Ethiopia DOI:  https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v3i4.694 Abstract Lack of information on the production and commercialization status of improved Panicum grass is one of the major livestock production impediments in South Omo. The improved Panicum grass is a perennial grass species used throughout the tropics for livestock feeding. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the seed and hay production status and the economic visibility of improved Panicum grass cultivation. The face-to-face interviews were conducted with improved Panicum grass producers. The quantitative data, such as the number of bales and seeds produced, and the qualitative data, such as agro-pastoralists perceptions, were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and the Likert scale. The results revealed that the seed yield and herbage productivity after s